避免学术“近亲繁殖”，要站在学校治理体系的角度进行综合改革，提高改革的制度化水平，形成开放的文化。
湖南大学[微博]日前出台新规，本校博士毕业生不得直接留校。这一事件能成为新闻，令人感叹。早在20多年前，人们对“近亲繁殖”不利学术发展，就已经形成基本共识。事实上大学也逐步把解决“近亲繁殖”问题纳入改革范围。尤其进入本世纪后，不少大学陆续出台了避免“近亲繁殖”的举措，许多“985工程”大学明文规定本校毕业的博士研究生不留校。但是从全国高校总体而言，问题一直未能根治。这反映学术“近亲繁殖”还有生存土壤，也说明改革的艰巨性。
博士毕业生直接留校制度之所以能够在有些大学存续，有多方面原因。首先是师资供求关系为它提供了客观条件。自从上个世纪末中国高等教育进入快速发展轨道，规模成倍扩张，对师资的需求也与日俱增，留下本校的博士毕业生是补充师资最便捷的办法。再加上近年来对大学的各种评估，都把教师队伍中博士学历占比作为重要的衡量指标，强化了大学留本校博士毕业生补充队伍的需求冲动。在博士毕业生的人才流动市场上，还存在一个怪现象——层次等级结构化的大学体系使得人才流动单向化。顶尖的“985工程”大学以有没有国外高水平大学的博士学历为新进师资的门槛，一般的“985工程”大学以有没有顶尖的“985工程”大学的博士学历为新进师资的门槛。以此类推，层层向下流动。而上一层次大学的博士毕业生供给量总是少于本层次大学需求的，加上部分大学认为要不到上一层次大学毕业的博士生，还不如要自己大学毕业的博士生，自己学校的学生知根知底，更加可靠。这就为一些大学留本校博士毕业生提供了空间。
完全把博士毕业生直接留校现象归咎于供求关系，未免太简单了。其实，大学内部利益共同体的存在，也是这种现象存在的重要原因。现代大学的学术已经高度利益化了，内部群体的竞争性越来越强。在这种格局之下，一个学术亚群体或者次亚群体要保证竞争的实力，要争取更大的话语权，就会想方设法安排“自己人”。很显然，留自己的博士生就是确保竞争实力最好的办法。当然，不能忽略的还有文化因素。中国古代学术讲究学派传承，重视门法、家法的“纯洁”。虽然这在学术特色形成和发展上有一定积极意义，但是在现代学术条件下，其封闭性的负面功能大于积极意义。而在当今的中国大学，传统学术文化观念的影响仍然不同程度存在，计划经济体制下形成的用人习惯又或多或少存在于人们的意识中，制约着人们的行动。
湖南大学新规给了我们一个信号，改革正在进行时。不管怎么说，改革条件也已经相对成熟。博士生培养规模的扩大，高校招生规模的放缓，师资学历结构状况的“好转”，“海归”博士的增量，使得师资供求关系发生了根本性变化。在重视提高质量的大环境下，营造良好学术生态成为必需。在越来越开放的学术“市场”中，具有多样性的学术共同体更具有竞争优势。政策鼓励“杂交优势”，评估价值取向趋向内涵性追求，新大学治理体系的构建，都是促进改革的有利条件。
趁势而上，攻坚克难，首先还是要转变观念。无论学校、院系领导还是学术领头人，要有长远发展的战略眼光、开放的观念，要克服狭隘功利主义倾向，克服陈旧的门阀思想。博士生也要改变观念，从有利于未来学术潜力发挥的角度来看待留校问题。其次，要站在学校治理体系的角度进行综合改革，提高改革的制度化水平，形成开放的文化。再次，应从实际出发，避免一刀切、硬着陆。要注意学科的差异，尤其是对那些极少量的“只此一家”的特色专业与方向，延续“香火”部分还需要留得真传的“自家弟子”。另外，公共政策如何适度控制博士培养规模，如何促进人才流动，如何拓宽博士毕业生就业通道，这些也是改革外部环境条件所不可少的。(熊庆年作者系复旦大学[微博]高等教育研究所所长、
Looking retrospectly for 2009, a series news events on the education came out one another. These events, almost all related with the equality of education.Professor Yang Dongping,the president of the 21st Century Education Research Institute, said that education as one of the "regulators"of social justice, if also "flatter the rich and desert the poor" ,would aggravate the public sense of social injustice and the sense of deprivation.
Every year,as Peking University stretched its olive branches only to the small number of elite students in some famous high schools,world-class universities such as Harvard, Yale, University of Virginia and other colleges and universities, whether public or private, will take the initiative to devote resources to the poorest and most vulnerable stages and regions to convince those who even do not believe that can apply for such kind of university. Because their philosophy is, if the university does not give them the opportunity to change their own destiny, then they would not possibly change their fate forever. As Bacon said: "If we can maintain a fair access to education, poverty will not become hereditary."
In the United States, graduates from Yale, Harvard and other elite universities who launched a so-called Peak Program, devoting to helping children from low-income families with their studies, teaching them how to apply for universities, in order to narrow the gap of kids' studies between the low-income families and middle-income or high-income families and better promote fairness in education.The reason for this program's introdution is only because that these graduates ,when they served in the social organizations, found that the reason why children from the poor families can’t apply for universities is not for their abilities or low-mentality, but for they live in families and communities have no such atmosphere.
Xue Yong,a chinese scholar living in America, said: "the real-name-recommendation system of the Peking University , should be to launch in China's poor areas, to the poorest, most dilapidated or in the places that meaningless, to search talents and let those excellent students who only have one or two hundred yuan on educational appropriations per people, but rather not to be recommended by some secondary school principals whose school has already strong-equipped education .On the one hand, this can be a balance of educational resources, on the other hand,Peking University focus on training the community leaders, if recruit students from well-off families,who go to cram schools and isolated with society since then, they will easily get into the elite class ,how can these children impact sparks together? "
China already uneven distribution of educational resources, and now a number of famous schools admissions policy appears to give more people opportunities to demostrate themselves, but the reality is not that fair between schools and students. once these policies abuse,it will aggravate the unfairness of education.
"Although the fairness is always relative, but in the primary stage of social development, whether the university or the government, all should pursue a higher level of fairness ",the Director of Fudan University Institute of Higher Education, Professor Xiong Qingnian once commented. In his view, nowadays there still exist many eccentric educational phenomenons, the reason is that China's development is still at its early stage , neglecting of the fairness since we too concerned about the speed of development. only the educational institutions themselves value the education fairness, can we chinese Universities have our own Peak Program.
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